Compact Disc (CD) Technologies How to use and problem-solving?

Date: 7/9/2019 5:25:48 PM

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The compact disc was developed jointly by Philips and Sony. Philips contributed laser disc experience and Sony digital audio expertise. But there were other necessary technologies that were invented and/or developed several decades before the CD was launched.

CD Formats

The compact disc supports a range of pre-recorded formats for music, computer data, video, games and other applications.

CD Audio is the original CD format on which all other formats are based. CD Audio discs may also use CD-Graphics or CD-Text, while CD-Extra adds computer data to the audio.

CD-ROM is derived from CD Audio to store computer data for PC games and other applications.
CD-ROM XA is a multimedia version of CD-ROM used as the basis for CD-i, Video CD and Photo CD. CD-i Bridge allows the last two formats to play on CD-I players.

Compact Disc Digital Audio

The Compact Disc Digital Audio (CD-DA) standard was developed by Philips and Sony and introduced into the market in 1982. Compact Discs are superior to vinyl discs and cassettes in a number of ways:

Superior sound quality without clicks, hiss or other defects
Fast random access to any track
Long-life; compact discs do not wear out
Compact size: only 12cm in diameter so they take up little storage space The superior quality of CDs and their compact size are made possible by the use of digital technology combined with laser pickup.

PC CD-Rom Drive Black

Digital Audio and Laser Technology: Compact Discs use digital techniques for storing the stereo sound. On vinyl and audiocassettes, the audio waveform is recorded as a direct analogue of the audio waveform. On cassettes this is a magnetic field that varies with the audio signal. On vinyl the groove is modulated with the audio signal. Any imperfections will be heard as noise (hiss) or other defects.

IBM thinkpad 24x 3.5in CD-ROM Drive

Digital vs Analogue

Using digital technology the audio is stored not as an analogue value but a number representing the amplitude of the audio signal at a particular time. This number must be accurate to avoid errors that might be introduced. Generally, a digital representation of a changing signal will require much more information than the analogue version. The example in Figure 2 shows the conversion of an analogue waveform (which could be part of an audio signal) to digital by representing each sample by a number (from 0 to 100 in this simple example). Figure 2 Digital to Analogue Conversion In practice the range of values and sampling rate must be high enough to ensure accurate reproduction of the original analogue waveform. The upper limit for the human ear is about 20 kHz so the audio must be sampled at 40,000 times per second or higher (since two samples are required for both halves of a sine wave). To reduce distortion and quantisation noise each sample must be represented by at least a 16-bit number giving 65,536 values or levels (0 to 65,535) per sample. This gives a large enough range from the quietest to the loudest sound without any noticeable distortion. Compact Discs sample the audio 44,100 times per second. The total information needed for 1 second of audio is therefore 44,100 x 2 x 16 = 1,411,200 bits. A bit is a binary digit and has the value 0 or 1. Although longer times are possible, the maximum playing time for all CDs is about 74 minutes to ensure compatibility with earlier CD players. This means that one CD must store 1,411,200 x 74 x 60 = 6,265.728 million bits = 783.216 million bytes, where one byte = 8 bits.

Dell YX424 OptiPlex SX280 Latitude D-Series CD-RW/DVD-ROM

CD Audio Specification

The compact disc was designed to store at least one hour of high quality stereo, digital audio. Philips and Sony worked together on the CD audio specification (known as the Red Book).

Disc diameter: 12 cm 8cm also
Disc thickness: 1.2 mm
Sides: 1 (single side only)
Length of pits: 1 to 3 microns
Depth of pits: 0.15 microns
Scanning speed: 1.2 to 1.4 m/s
Track pitch: 1.6 microns
Laser wavelength: 780 nm Infra red laser
Playing time: 74 minutes Up to 80 minutes possible
Number of tracks: 99 max
Plus up to 99 indexes per track
Channel bit rate: 4.3218 Mb/s Including modulation & error correction
Number of channels 2 Stereo
Quantization: 16 bits/channel 2’s complement
Modulation: EFM 8 to 14 modulation plus 3 padding bits
Error correction: CIRC Cross interleaved Reed Solomon code
Numerical aperture: 0.45 For objective lens

Laptop Internal DVD Optical Drive

CD Audio Copy Protection

With the rapid increase in home copying of CDs and piracy, the music companies have started to introduce copy protection for audio CDs. The purpose of the various technologies is to prevent the audio tracks being read by a PC, so that the CD cannot be ‘ripped’ to hard disk and copies cannot therefore be made. Most available copy protection systems make use of the differences between CD players and CD-ROM drives. The former stream audio from the CD continuously, while CD-ROM drives read the audio in ‘blocks’ and need to find the next ‘block’ of data by using the time-codes in the Q-channel. Also CDROM drives will look for the last session on a disc, but CD-Audio players will only read the first session of a multi-session disc. It is then possible to use these and other characteristics of CD-ROM drives to hide the CD audio tracks from a PC. Another technique is to introduce errors into the audio that are concealed by a CD player but not by a CD-ROM drive when the audio is ripped. A copy will then include ‘clicks and pops’ when played, but the original CD will not. Since the audio cannot be played on a PC when hiding is used, most technologies (see ) include a second session with compressed audio files that will play on a PC. This results in a reduction in the playing time for the Red Book audio tracks of up to 10 per cent

Compact Disc Read Only Memory

Since compact discs store audio in a digital format, they are suitable for storing other information that can be represented in a digital form. In 1984, Philips and Sony released the Compact Disc Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) specification, known as the Yellow Book. This defines the necessary additions to the Red Book for the storage of computer data. Any computer data can be pre-recorded on a CD-ROM.

Data capacity 656 MB For 74 minutes (688 x 106 bytes) Raw data bitrate 1.41Mbits/s Includes all bytes in sector User data rate 150 kB/s At 1x speed Block (sector) size 2,352 bytes User data per sector 2048 With full error correction Sector rate 75 sectors/s At 1x speed reading Sector Modes 1 or 2 See 3.1 Sector Forms 1 or 2 Mode 2 only

CD-ROM Drives

To read the data from a CD-ROM disc requires a CD-ROM drive as a computer peripheral. The data on a CD-ROM can be accessed much faster than a tape, particularly using the latest high-speed drives (52x is now common). To reduce the maximum angular velocity these faster drives use CAV (constant angular velocity) rather than CLV (constant linear velocity). Therefore the data rate for data near the inside is less than the data rate at the outside of the disc. For example a 40x drive gives a maximum data rate of between 2.8 and 6 MB/s, depending where on the disc the data is being read. Faster drives can create problems so some drives make use of multiple laser beams to increase the data rate without increasing the angular velocity. CD-ROM drives are designed also to read CD audio discs at the correct speed. Other discs, like Video CDs, which are designed for single speed, are read in bursts to maintain the correct data rate.

Applications for CD-ROM

When CD-ROMs were first introduced, the main applications were for encyclopaedias and large text databases particularly for the legal profession. CD-ROMs provided a very convenient means of storing and accessing large amounts of text. Later, graphics images were added to the text and then colour photographs, audio and even motion video. Multimedia CD-ROMs had arrived. With the advent of Microsoft's Windows (particularly the more recent versions), it became much easier to develop titles to exploit the multimedia capabilities of CD-ROM and now almost all CD-ROMs developed for the PC require Windows. Other systems that play CD-ROM discs include Macintosh and Games consoles. Some typical applications for CD-ROM are summarised in the following list:

Professional text databases for legal, medical and other uses.
Directories including telephone directories, yellow pages, shopping catalogues (containing pictures as well as text), directories of printed books and CD-ROM titles.
Multimedia Encyclopaedias containing text database plus photos, graphics, audio clips and video sequences.
Games on CD-ROM are some of the most popular applications.
Cover-mount discs for PC and other magazines with demo versions of programs, clip art, and video.
ISP software including Internet browser software offering free access to the Internet.
Computer software is usually distributed on CD-ROM, or via the Internet.
Video CDs have proved to be popular in China but not in the USA or Europe.

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